Study of the effect of alcoholic extracts of Maidenhair fern and corn silk in breaking up kidney stones out of living body

 

Hala A. Saad¹, Saad M. Shukr², Elaf H. Ali³

 

ABSTRACT:

This study was conducted on a number of patients with kidney stones, as (60) samples were collected for patients from Baghdad hospitals, while recording the necessary information about the patients. As the results of the analysis on stones taken from 60 patients with kidney stones that shows the materials involved in the formation of the stones were analyzed and the following percentages were calcium 60%, phosphate 30%, oxalate 30%, uric acid 5%, ammonium 3%, magnesium 2%, carbonate and cysteine 0%. Some chemical discoveries have been made of the active compounds in plants, such as the active substances in the coriander plant are tannins, saponins, steroids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds, and the absence of coumarins. As for maize stigmas, the active substances are the presence of coumarins, saponins, steroids, phenolic compounds, and glycosides. The presence of tannins, and the toxicity of plant extracts was revealed, as it showed the non-toxicity of maidenhair and the toxicity of corn stigma. The effect of the alcoholic extracts of plants on the gravel weight and the percentage of degradation outside the body, as well as the concentrations of liberated phosphates, uric acid, calcium, and the acidic function of each of the alcoholic extracts of coriander and corn stems were estimated before adding the gravel and after adding it, and it was calculated over a period of four weeks.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Urolithiasis is the third most common disease in the urinary tract after infections and disease prostate ¹.Statistics have been recorded in the range of 4-20% of the world's population². Kidney stone disease is a multi-factor disorder resulting from the formation of a mixture of epidemiological, biochemical and genetic risk factors³. Kidney stones are solid ossification or agglomeration of solid crystals that form in the kidneys from nutrients in the urine. The treatment of kidney stones depends on the size and location of the stones, and most of the treatments currently used are aimed at changing the properties of urine to prevent saturation of the components ⁴.

 

Corn silk has been mentioned in traditional medicine in different parts of the world, such as China, Turkey, the United States and France, and it is used to treat cystitis, bedwetting kidney stones, diuretic, prostate disorder, urinary infections, and bedwetting ⁵.

 

The coriander plant ((Adiantum Capillus_Veneris) is widely used for patients suffering from urolithiasis, as it has a dissolving activity for stones through the ability to break up the stones because it is a diuretic and is often used boiled for the breaking up of stones. Therefore, it is considered capable of expelling kidney and bladder stones ⁶.

 

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Used Reagents Dragendoff Reagent:

It is Prepared according to the Harborn Method ⁷and as follows:

 

Prepare a solution of bismuth nitrate by dissolving (20) g of bismuth nitrate in (80) ml of distilled water and prepare a solution of potassium iodide by dissolving (16) g of potassium iodide KI in (40) ml of distilled water and mix the two solutions in a 1: 1 ratio.

 

Benedect's Reagent:

It is prepared according to is mentioned^8,9as follows:

Dissolve (137) grams of sodium citrate and (100) grams of aqueous sodium carbonate in (800) ml of distilled water, filter the solution and add to it a solution of copper sulfate 17.3 g in 100 ml of distilled water) then we the volume to (1000) Ml using distilled water

 

Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS) Prepare the solution by dissolving 8g of NaCl and 0.2g of KCl, 1.15g of Na2 HPO4 and 0.2g of KH2PO4 potassium phosphate dihydrogenated in 1000 ml of distilled water It was set at pH 7.2 and kept at 4 ° C. ¹⁰

 

Experimental Methods:

Collection of plant samples:

Plant samples included:

A- Corn Silk 100 grams of Zea mays were collected during October, and the plant is known locally as corn.

B- Maidenhair fern: Adiantum Capillus_Veneris L

100 grams of dried plant samples were collected from local markets, where it is known as coriander.

 

Preparation of plant extracts:

The plant extracts of corn stems and Maidenhair fern were prepared in the following manner:

Weighed 10gm of dry vegetable powder for each plant and added to 100ml of ethyl alcohol at a concentration of 70% in order to obtain the alcoholic extract. It was left in the vibrating incubator for 24 hours at a temperature of 35 °C. Then the extract was filtered with filter paper. (Whatman No.1), exposed the filtrate to Centrifugation at 2500 rpm for 10 min in a centrifuge device. After this process, the remaining filtrate was exposed to evaporation using a rotary evaporator under low pressure and a temperature of 40-50 °C. Then the remaining was completely dried by an electric oven (Oven) at a temperature of 40 °C. The process was repeated several times in order to obtain a sufficient amount of extract. The resulting extract was placed in opaque bottles and kept in the refrigerator at a temperature of 4 °C. until use ¹¹.

 

Estimation of cytotoxicity of plant extracts: -

The cytotoxicity of the plant extracts was estimated according to¹²  with some modifications as follows:

Put (0.8) ml of each extract to be assessed for cellular toxicity into a sterile and clean test tube and add (0.2) ml of red blood cells from sheep to become the final volume (1) ml, then incubate in the incubator after shaking for a a little period of time. (30) minutes at a temperature of 37⁰C. Then, after that, a central centrifugation was performed using a Universal centrifuge device for a period of (5) minutes at a rate of (1000) revolutions per minute. After that, hemolysis was observed and a control treatment (a test tube containing blood only) was used to note the difference. In hemolysis. Then the experiment was repeated by using human red blood cells.

 

Stones analysis:

Kidney stones were analyzed by Biolabo Kit (France).

 

The principle of the method is based on the diagnosis of the main mineral components and organic components (cysteine) found in kidney stones by simple chemical tests in which the following solutions were used:

 

Table (3) analysis of stones

 

According to the instructions for the method of work for the purpose of conducting a chemical analysis of stones, the stone must be ground into a fine powder to make the following test:

 

A - Detecting a flame: we take a lube and then dip it in distilled water, then it is placed in the gravel powder, and then it is placed on a flame if charring appears, which means the origin of the stone is organic.

 

B _Chemical detection (qualitative):

1_Carbonate detection: 50mg of gallstone powder is weighed and placed in a test tube, then 10 drops of R1 reagent are added to it if an effervescence is observed, meaning the presence of carbonates in this case and the test is positive. We shaft the tube for one minute and the mixture is called the tube (M1) (M2) is prepared by mixing 50 slices of (M1) with 50ml of distilled water, mixing well and only using calcium in step 5.

2 - Detection of cystine: we add a drop of (M1) with a drop of substance (R3) mixed and wait for (5) minutes, then add reagent (R4), the appearance of a red color indicating that the detection is positive, and the yellow color indicating that the detection is negative

3- Phosphate detection: We added a drop of (M1) with two drops of reagent (R5) mixed and wait for (5) minutes for the appearance of a blue color indicating that the test is positive and any other color means an indication that the detection is negative

4- Magnesium detection: We add a drop of (M1) with a drop of (R6) with five drops of (R2) reagent. The appearance of a blue precipitate indicates that the detection is positive, and the purple color indicates that the detection is negative.

5- Calcium detection: We added a drop of (M1) with a drop of (R2), then added two drops of reagent (R7), the appearance of a yellow color indicating that the test is positive, and the orange color indicating that the detection is negative

6- Ammonium detection: We add a drop of (M1) with a drop of (R2), which is mixed, then a drop of reagent (R8) is added, and orange-brown deposits appear, indicating that the detection is positive, and the yellow color which indicates that the detection is negative

7- Uric acid detection: We add a drop of (M1) with a drop of (R2) that is mixed and then a drop of reagent (R9) is added. The appearance of a yellowish orange color indicates that the test is positive, any other unknown color which means an indication that the detection is negative

8- Detection of oxalate: We add a drop of (M1) with approximately 60 mg with the tip of the spoonful of reagent (R10) mix and wait for 5 seconds for the emergence of bubbles indicating that the test is positive and no bubbles appear, indicating that the detection is negative.

 

Table No. (4) How to do stone analysis

Study the effectiveness of plant extracts in kidney stones:

 

Kidney stones were treated with concentrations prepared from plant extracts, as 5 grams were weighed for each extract, then 50 milliliters of Phosphate Buffered Saline were added), i.e. in a ratio of 1:10. Then two types of stones of different weights and different types were taken and each stone was placed in the alcoholic extract of Maidenhair plant The well of maize semen and adjusting the date of the treatment for a period of one month during which the effect of the alcoholic extract of the plants under study on the release of Uric acid is assessed.

 

And dissolved phosphate (Soluble Phosphate ion), soluble calcium ion (Soluble calcium ion), and acidic function (pH) before and after stone addition.

 

Estimation of phosphate released from kidney stones outside the body:

the standard curve for phosphates is prepared using Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate.

 

To prepare the original solution 1000 mg per liter or one thousand parts per million and then prepare the solutions with different concentrations to be read by a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 830 nm to obtain a diagram showing the relationship between concentration and absorbance.

 

Table (5) the relationship between phosphate concentration and absorbance

Absorbency	Phosphate concentration in milligrams per liter
0.15	0.5
0.30	1
0.60	2
0.95	3
1.20	4
1.45	5

 

By this table it is possible to obtain the slope (regression) as the regression, the second reading of absorbency -the first reading of the absorbency - the second reading of the concentration - the first reading

Regression = (1.2 -0.3) / (4-1) = 0.3

 

Phosphate concentration in milligrams per liter absorption

 

The following materials are added

None Ionic water Microliter	Sulfate solution Hydrazine micro liter	Molpid solution Ammonium Microliter	Sample Microliter
7600	400	1000	1000

 

These materials are incubated in a water bath for half an hour at a temperature of 60 °C. The pattern is read at a wavelength of 830 nm. The device is filtered by the Blank (distilled water is added instead of the model).

 

Calculations:

Phosphate concentration in milligrams per liter = absorbance x regression x 10

 

Estimation of uric acid released from kidney stones ex vivo:

The standard curve for uric acid is prepared using - standard solution of uric acid 1,000 mg / l

 

We prepare the solutions at different concentrations to be read at a wavelength of 830 nm to obtain a diagram showing the relationship between concentration and absorbance.

 

Table (6) the relationship between uric acid concentration and absorbance

Absorbency	Uric acid concentration in milligrams per liter
0.40	25
0.70	50
0.95	75
1.30	100
1.55	125

 

 

Uric acid concentration in mg per liter

By this table it is possible to obtain the slope (the regression) as the regression

The second reading of absorbency - the first reading of the absorbency / the second reading of the concentration - the first reading

Regression = (1.55-0.40) / (125-25) = 0.011

And the following materials are added

 

Sulfuric acid (0.16 N) Microliter	Sodium Inkstate Solution Microliter	Sample Microliter
200	1500	300

 

These solutions are centrifuged for 10 minutes, so that we get a smell. We discard the sediment

 

Fallen Dence reagent Microliter	Sodium carbonate solution: urea (1: 2) Microliter	Clear solution Microliter
2000	400	100

The pattern is read at a wavelength of 640 nm. After 10 minutes of mixing the device was reset by the blank (distilled water is added in place of the model).

Calculations

Uric acid concentration in milligrams per liter = absorbance x regression x 10 x dilution factor

 

Estimate the concentration of calcium released from kidney stones ex vivo:

The concentration of the released calcium was estimated by an atomic absorption device (Atomic absorption, Shimadzu, Japan)) in Al-Bashir's specialized scientific laboratory, Bab Al-Mu'dhamam. It is a technique in analytical chemistry that enables the determination of the concentration of different elements in a specific model. This technique depends on the principle of absorption spectroscopy in general to determine the concentration, the sample depends on the extent of its absorption of the radiation directed at it, where the concentration is determined based on the Beer-Lambert law. As a result of exposure to energy, the electrons will excite and move to higher energy atomic orbits. This energy absorption process at a specific wavelength is characteristic of each of the chemical elements, which gives this analytical medium its selectivityi the n comparison with optical intensity reduction due to energy absorption at a given wavelength enables us to determine the concentration based on Beer-Lambert law.

 

During this method which expose them to a flame of a mixture of acetylene and air, or a mixture of air and nitrous oxide (Nitrous oxide).

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results of the statistical analysis using ANOVA to compare treatment groups attached to the Tukey test, +showed that coriander showed significant differences on all plants under study and at the function level <0.05 P and using SPSS Inc.chicago, IL) program). Windows system

 

Gravel analysis results: -

The results of analyzing stones taken from 60 patients with kidney stones after the operation and according to the substances included in the formation of stones showed the following percentages shown in Table (1)

 

Table (1) Results of stone analysis taken from 60 patients with kidney stones

Type of detection	Results of detection
Carbonates	-
Cystine	-
Phosphates	+
Calcium	+
Magnesium	+
Ammonium	+
Uric acid	+
Oxalates	+
The presence of a compound  +
No compound              -

 

Therefore, we conclude that the percentages of chemicals are as follows:

50% of patients had calcium oxalate stones and 33.3% of patients had calcium oxalate stones, 8.3% had oxalate stones and 5% uric acid stones, so the patients had ammonium phosphate stones 3.3% had ammonium phosphate stones from magnesium phosphate. Whereas, the researcher, Siham Ali Qasim,¹³ concluded that (61%) of the patients had stones composed of calcium oxalate, and (18%) of the patients their stones were composed of calcium oxalate and phosphate, and (12%) were stones formed.From oxalates and uric acid and (7%) of them the stones were composed of calcium or ammonium phosphate and called stones of infection or Strufite and (2%) the stones were composed of uric acid. We notice a decrease in the percentage of calcium oxalate stones at the expense of calcium phosphate in this study compared to the previous study due to the increased demand for soft drinks that contain phosphoric acid, and the percentage of stones consisting of oxalates and uric acid increased slightly due to the high demand for meat and protein intake.

 

Quantification of some chemical tests for plant extracts:

The effect of the alcohol extracts of plants on the weight of the gravel, the percentage of degradation in vivo, the concentrations of liberated phosphate, uric acid, calcium and magnesium, the acidity function, electrical conductivity, and total soluble salts in vivo for each of the alcoholic extracts of coriander and corn stems before adding the gravel and after adding it was calculated on the extent of Four weeks.

 

The effect of plant extracts on kidney stone weight ex vivo:

The results of the treatment of kidney stones with alcohol extracts at a concentration of (10) % for a period of (30) consecutive days showed a significant decrease in the weight of the stones for both coriander and corn stems, as the decomposition rates reached (38%) and (18%) for each, respectively, as shown in the table. (4)

 

Table (4) percentages of dissolution of kidney stones before and after treatment with alcohol extract of coriander and corn stems at a concentration of (10%)

 

This is due to the fact that the active substances that coriander contains from alkaloids and tannins helped break up the compounds that make up the kidney stones, especially the calcium oxalate crystals, which are the main substance for the stones.

 

As for the active substances in the stigma of maize, represented by volatile alkaloids and resins that affect the dislocation of the link between the elements that make up the pebble, including calcium oxalate, it helps it to disintegrate, but to a lesser extent ¹⁴,and this is contrary to what Al-Zubaidi and others ¹⁵reported, and as for the effect of pH and low concentration The extract gave the basic characteristic of the extract, which reached (pH = 8), as it helped to disentangle the bonds between the stone-forming compounds and helped the water molecules' interference with the components of the gravel reduce their hardness¹⁶. Maize stigma as a strong diuretic due to its high ability to relax smooth muscles located in the lining of the renal tubules. From this we see that the stigma of maize may be useful as a diuretic more than as a breaker of kidney stones ⁵

 

The reason for the decrease in the stones is due to the increase in the water content of the extract when it was in a low concentration of (10%) and the high pH, which had a significant effect on the gravel as (pH = 8), as previously seen in the extracts of (corn stems, and coriander). The results do not agree with the findings. The mechanism of the researcher, Siham Muhammad Qasim¹³, who studied the aqueous extracts of these plants in cold and hot water and at different concentrations, during which she showed that the rate of decomposition of kidney stones in the hot water extracts is more than the cold, as well as the best concentration is 5% compared to the rest of the other concentrations (10%) (20%) (40%) and among the factors that also helped in crushing the stones was the low concentration of the extract, which led to the dissolution of the active compounds in the water and easily interfered with the salt components and made them lose their solidity and gave the maidenhair plant a higher degradation rate, especially in the hot water extract of corn. Active compounds of plant extracts in various chemical solvents such as water, ethanol, methanol, hexane, and chloroform.

Estimation of phosphate concentrations released from kidney stones ex vivo:

The concentrations of phosphate liberated ex vivo for each of the alcoholic extracts of coriander and corn stems were determined before the addition of the stones and after their addition, and they were calculated over a period of four weeks. The results resulted in the superiority of the alcoholic extract of coriander in its ability to release the highest concentration of phosphate from kidney stones (4.64) mg per liter during a four-week period of its immersion in the extract compared with the alcohol extracts of the corn stamens plant as shown in Table (5).

 

Table (5) shows the concentration of phosphate released from kidney stones over time, measured in milligrams per liter along 830 nm wavelength for both corn stigma and coriander in vivo.

Type of Plant	Before adding the stone	The first week, Mg / L	The second week, Mg / L	The third week Mg / L	fourth week
	Mg / L				Mg / L
Corn Silk	0.029	0.519	0.726	1.968	2.4
Maiden hair	0.561	0.861	1.206	1.26	4.647

 

Figure (1) shows the difference between the alcoholic extracts of coriander and corn stems in their ability to release phosphates from kidney stones, so our results showed an increase in the concentration of released phosphate, so it was (0.56) mg per liter before adding the stone to become (4.64) mg per liter after four weeks, while the value of phosphate liberated from the alcohol extracts of corn stigma was (2.4) mg per liter

 

Figure (1) shows the phosphate concentrations released from kidney stones over time, measured in milligrams per liter, at a wavelength of 830 nanometers for both corn silk and maidenhair in vivo.

 

The maidenhair plant contains six types of triterpenoid derivatives that were identified by extracting the plant anhydrous, then isolated and diagnosed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) device.

Urine is saturated with calcium oxalate, the most common component of stone formation and an important factor in crystallization, along with other factors that are involved in it.

1- Formation of nuclei as centers of stones (nucleation)

2- Growth

3- Formation of aggregation responsible for stone formation. Consequently, if any of these factors does not occur, the stones will not be later steps in crystallization and the formation of kidney stones can be avoided. The alcoholic extract of coriander plant at different concentrations reduces the number of crystals in the solution and thus reduces the supersaturation of calcium oxalate as it is the main component (Super saturation and Particle size) This feature of the alcoholic extract is useful in preventing the formation of urine stones and thus Reducing the excretion of small particles by the kidneys and reducing the chances of blocking them in the urinary tract. These results are consistent with the findings ⁶. This extract works to disperse calcium oxalate in solution and thus ease of elimination. That inhibition of aggregate inhibition is associated with increased The concentration of the alcoholic extract, so the crystals are less agglomerated with the increase in the concentration of the alcoholic extract.This study agree with the researcher's findings of the ability of these extracted alkaloid compounds to break up kidney stones, but it does not agree with the researcher's findings that the alcoholic extract of coriander gave a more positive result than the rest of the other alcoholic extracts. For the rest of the plants under study, the researcher ¹⁷ indicated an increase in the inhibition of calcium oxalate in vitro to the leaves of the walnut plant (Hyptis suaveolens) extracted with methanol alcohol reached 73%, while the rate of inhibition of calcium oxalate for this plant extracted with ethanol was 60%, while the rate of inhibition of calcium oxalate in the water extracts of the same plant was 53%, while the researcher indicated¹⁸.

The percentage of (Dissolution) calcium oxalate solution for seeds of a variety of Datura plant varieties called (Dolichos biflorus.Linn) reached 48% in the aqueous extract, while it reached 44% and 42% for both benzene and chloroform. Straight

 

Estimation of uric acid concentrations released from kidney stones ex vivo

The concentrations of uric acid liberated ex vivo for each of the alcoholic extracts of coriander and cornflower were determined before the addition of the stone and after its addition, and it was calculated over a period of four weeks. The efficiency of the alcoholic extract of coriander is better than the alcoholic extracts of the corn stamens plant in its ability to release the highest concentration of uric acid from the kidney stones, which amounted to (1.577) mg per liter during a period of four weeks of being immersed in the extract compared with the alcoholic extracts of the corn silk plant as shown in the table (6)

 

When measuring the concentrations of uric acid released from kidney stones outside the body, it was found that the concentrations of this compound were high, reaching (1,577) and (0.943) milligrams / liter for each of the alcoholic extracts of maidenhair plant and corn silk, respectively, after a month (Table 6) This is due to the great imbalance in the kidney function in terms of secretion and absorption processes, which leads to an increase in the percentage of uric acid in the blood, as research has confirmed that the reason for the increase in the concentration of uric acid in the blood serum is the massive production of uric acid and its rush to the urinary tubes, as well as the increase in uric acid. With a marked increase in urea in the blood, these results agree with what was stated by¹⁹.

 

The concentrations of uric acid liberated ex vivo for each of the alcoholic extracts of coriander and cornflower were determined before the addition of the stone and after its addition, and it was calculated over a period of four weeks. The efficiency of the alcoholic extract of coriander is better than the other alcohol extracts of other plants than its ability to release the highest concentration of uric acid from the kidney stones, which amounted to (1.577) mg per liter during a four-week period of being immersed in the extract compared to the alcoholic extracts of the corn stamens plant as shown in Table (6)

 

Table (6) shows the concentrations of uric acid released from kidney stones over time, measured in milligrams per liter along

The waveform is 640 nm for both corn stigma and coriander in vivo

Type of Plant	Before adding the stone	The first week, mg / L	The second week, mg / L	The third week mg / L	fourth week
	Mg / l				Mg / l
corn silk	0.397	0.519	0.627	0.829	0.943
Maidenhair	0.484	0.626	0.741	1.201	1.577

 

Figure (2) It shows the concentrations of uric acid released from kidney stones over time, measured in milligrams per liter.

 

Wavelength 640 nm for both corn stigma and coriander in vivo

Kidney stones are one of the most important problems in different countries of the world and it is affected by many different factors such as nutrition, age, treatment history, environmental and family factors, and these results are consistent with what the researcher has reached by treating an extract of corn stigmas with calcium oxalate in a laboratory sedimentation method. That it has great effectiveness in breaking it up compared to industrial drugs such as (furosemide) and (spironolactone) and that the stigma of corn plays a role in physical therapy by increasing the contraction of smooth muscles, which led to an increase in urine production and an increase in the rate of passage of urine stones through the urinary tract.

 

Estimation of calcium ion concentrations released from kidney stones ex vivo:

When measuring the levels of calcium concentrations in the alcoholic extracts of these plants, considering the calcium ion as one of the elements that reflects the metabolic disorders, it was found that there was a significant increase in the level of calcium ion concentration at the fourth week, so the release of calcium ion reached (62) mg / liter for coriander plants compared to the value of a plant. The stigma of corn, which is 38 mg / liter ^20,21,22

 

Table (7) shows the calcium concentrations released from kidney stones over time as measured by the atomic absorption device

In milligrams per liter of corn stigma and coriander well outside vivo

 

Figure (3) shows the calcium concentrations released from kidney stones over time as measured by the atomic absorption device in milligrams

Per liter of corn stigma and coriander out of the living body

 

Estimation the acidic function (pH) value for kidney stones ex vivo

The value of the acidic function (pH) of the alcoholic extracts of both corn silk and maidenhair has a bigger role in dissolving oxalates, forming oxalic acid and increasing the value of the acidic function.

The value of the acidic function (pH) of the alcoholic extracts of both corn silk and maidenhair has a major role in dissolving oxalates, forming oxalic acid and increasing the value of the acidic function. 96) because its compounds contain acidic compounds as shown in Table (9) and has a greater ability than plant extracts of corn stems to dissolve kidney stones more, as the value of the acidic function is (1,16), which is the lowest value compared to other plant extracts as shown in the figure (4)

 

Table (9) shows the value of the acidic function over time for both corn silk of corn and maidenhair in vivo

Type of planet	Before adding the stone	The first week, mg / L	The second week, mg / L	The third week mg / L	Fourth week
	Mg / l				Mg / l
Corn silk	6.17	4.01	3.27	3.03	2.38
Maidenhair	4.96	4.49	1.84	1.25	1.16

 

Figure (4) shows the value of the acidic function over time for both stigmas of corn and coriander in vivo

 

CONCLUSIONS: -

1- The results of the stone analysis for 60 patients are as follows: 50% of the patients had stones consisting of calcium oxalate 30%, of the patients had stones consisting of calcium phosphate 8.3%, had stones consisting of oxalates and uric acid 5%, it was for patients with stones formed Of the ammonium phosphate, 3.3%, the percentage of stones made of magnesium phosphate.

2. The presence of some active substances in one plant and their absence in the other plant, as the alcoholic extract of coriander does not contain resins and coumarins, as well as containing steroids, saponins. As for the maize stigma plant, it does not contain tannins and it contains glycosides, alkaloids and resins.

3. The alcoholic extracts of coriander plant showed no toxicity, while the corn stigma showed clear toxicity.

4. The effect of alcoholic extracts of the plants under study was clearly evident on kidney stones outside the body (in vitro) with time.

5. The results of the treatment of kidney stones with alcohol extracts at a concentration of (10) % for a period of (30) consecutive days showed a significant decrease in the weight of the stones for both coriander and corn stems, as the decomposition rates reached (38%) and (18%) for each, respectively.

6. The alcoholic extract of coriander showed better results by releasing phosphate, uric acid and calcium, and changing the amount of acidic function.

 

REFERENCES:

1.      Shekarriz B, Stoller ML. Cystinuria and other noncalcareous calculi. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2002; 31 (4): 951-77.

2.      Yasui T, Iguchi M, Suzuki S, Kohri K. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of urolithiasis in Japan: national trends between 1965 and 2005. 2008; 71 (2): 209-13

3.      Abbagani S, Gundimeda SD, Varre S, Ponnala D, Mundluru HP. Kidney Stone Disease. Etiology and Evaluation. IJABPT. May-July 2010; 1 (1): 175-182.

4.      Chinmay U, Kapase, Subhash L, Bodhankar, Vishwaraman mohan, Prasad A. Thakurdesai. Therapeutic experiments of standardized fenugreek seed extract onental urolithiasis in rats. Journal of applied pharmaceutical science 2013; 3 (09): 029-035.

5.      Qing-Lan Hu,Li-Jin Zhang , Yan-Nan Li , Yong-Jiang Ding and Feng-Lin Li. Purification and anti-fatigue activity of flavonoids from corn silk.International Journal of Physical Sciences 2010; 5(4): 321-326.

6.      Ajij Ahmed, Nasreen Jahan, Abdul Wadud1, Alia Bilal, Syeda Hajera. In vitro effect of hydro alcoholic extract of Adiantum capillus-veneris Linn. on calcium oxalate crystallization . International Journal of Green Pharmacy 2013; 7(2) : 106-110.

7.      Harborn, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical methods. 2nd. Ed. Champan and Hall.  London 1973; 288:159-165.

8.      Stahl, R. THIN layer chromatography .A laboratory Handbook, 2nd ed. Springer international student edition. Springer, Veritag, Berlin, Heidellberg. New York 1969 ; 88-120.

9.      Al-Sheikhly, Muhammad Abdul Sattar, Abdul-Jalil, Faryal Hassan and Al-Azzawi, Hassan Fayyad. Practical Biochemistry - Al-Mustansiriya University1993.

10.   Allen JW, Schuler CF, Mendes RW and Latt SA. Asimplified technique for in vivo analysis of sister chromatid exchange using 5 bromodeoxy uridine tablets. Cytogentics and genome research 1977; 18: 231-237.

11.   Shtayeh MSA. and Abu-Ghadeib SI, (1999). Antifungal activity of plant extract against dermatophytes. J. Mycoses 1999; 42: 665-672.

12.   Xian-Guo H, and Ursalla M. Antifungl compounds from Solarium higrescens. J. Ethnopharm 1994; 43: 173-177.

13.   Al-Khafaji  Siham Ali Qasim. a biochemical study of blood serum and urea for patients with renal failure and kidney stones, and the effectiveness of some plant extracts in breaking up kidney stones outside of vivo. Master Thesis, College of Science. Al-Mustansiriya University 2004.

14.   Morris R. Plants for a future species Database billiography. Plants for a future.  search result. http://www.pfaf.org  2003;7 (12).

15.   Al-Zubaidi, Zuhair Najeeb, Baban, Hoda Abdul-Karim and Falih, Faris Kazem. Iraqi Medicinal Herbal Treatment Guide 1996.

16.   Silva SFR, Matos DC, Silva SL, Daher EF, Campos HH, Silva CAB. Chemical and morphological analysis of kidney stones. A double-blind comparative study. Acta Cir Bras 2010; 25 (5).

17.   Kumkum A, Ranjana V. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical analysis of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. J Adv Pharm Edu Res 2013; 3(4): 541-9.

18.   Unnati Atodariya, Roshni Barad, Siddhi Upadhyay, Umesh Upadhyay .Anti-Urolithiatic Activity of Dolichos Biflorus Seeds. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry  2013; 2(2): 209-213.

19.   Ayoung BA.Uremia. Med. Insta. Access of Medicine 2003;30.

20.   Nikolakais NL, Defrancisco AM, Rodger RSC, Gaiger E, Good ship TH and Ward MK. Effect of Storage on Measurement of Ionized calcium in serum of uremic patient. Clinical Chemistry 1985; 31: 287-290.

21.   Al-Badawi BM. Effect of Haemoodialysis on some biochemical Parameters in patient with end stage renal failure. M.Sc Thesis. College of Medicine. University of Mosul 1989.

22.   Al-Lami MQD. The effect of hemodialysis treatment on the level of some biodynamic parameters for patients with chronic renal impairment. M A Thesis. College of Science, University of Baghdad 1998.

 

 

 

Accepted on 14.01.2021           © RJPT All right reserved

Research J. Pharm. and Tech 2021; 14(10):5489-5497.